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华北克拉通破坏相关的实验岩石学研究

作者:jnscsh   时间:2022-03-01 08:38:02   浏览次数:

zoޛ)j首总结了前人关于熔体——地幔岩石(橄榄岩)反应的研究结果。为正确认识这个过程提供有益的启示。

关键词:华北克拉通;熔体——地幔岩石反应;实验岩石学

1.前言

华北克拉通位于中国东部,如图1所示,可以细分为东中西三个部分(吴福元等,2008),其中东西两个块体在1.8Ga以前通过中部造山带拼合而成,完成了克拉通化,并且在漫长的地质历史时期内保持稳定(翟明国等,2007;翟明国,2008)。现有证据表明,在古生代以前(含古生代),华北克拉通一直保持着以方辉橄榄岩为主的克拉通型岩石圈地幔(古生代地幔包体的岩石类型以方辉橄榄岩为主,少量分布二辉橄榄岩),然而到了新生代,克拉通东部地块的岩石圈地幔转变为以二辉橄榄岩为主(新生代地幔包体的岩石类型以二辉橄榄岩为主,有少量年龄古老的方辉橄榄岩残留)的大洋型地幔(Fanetal.,2000;Gaoetal.,2008;Xu,2001;Zhangetal.,2007;高山等,2009;路凤香,2010;吴福元等,2008;郑建平等,2006;郑建平等,2007;周新华,2006)。这说明在中生代,华北地区的岩石圈地幔经历了强烈的改造作用,这种改造作用可能直接导致了华北克拉通的破坏。

2.华北克拉通破坏过程中的熔体——地幔岩石反应

大量的研究已经达成共识:在中生代华北地区岩石圈地幔改造过程中,岩石圈地幔极有可能受到了来自软流圈地幔的硅酸盐熔体或来自地壳的硅酸盐熔体的交代,这种交代作用被认为是岩石圈地幔改造的重要原因之一(Zhangetal.,2007;徐义刚,1998,2006;张宏福,2005,2009;张宏福等,2005),因此华北地区岩石圈地幔在中生代经历的熔体——岩石交代反应成为了一个重要的研究课题。

前人对中生代华北克拉通岩石圈地幔经历的硅酸盐熔体——岩石交代作用进行了大量的研究,重要的认识可以归纳为以下几点:

(1)富硅熔体交代岩石圈地幔形成(斜方)辉石岩。富硅熔体可能是:①拆沉的地壳部分熔融产生的熔体(Gaoetal.,2004;Gaoetal.,2008;Xuetal.,2008a;高山等,2009;刘海泉等,2010);②深俯冲的地壳部分熔融产生的熔体(Chen,2005;Zheng,2012;Zhengetal.,2011)。富硅熔体产生后,在上升过程中与地幔岩石发生熔体——岩石交代反应,反应的产物是辉石。大多数学者(Kelemenetal.,1998;Liuetal.,2005;高山等,2009)认为富硅熔体与岩石圈地幔岩石反应的产物主要是斜方辉石,但有实验表明这种交代反应在低压下(2.0GPa)可以形成单斜辉石和斜方辉石(王超等,2010),两种认识存在明显的分歧,需要做进一步研究。

(2)贫硅熔体交代岩石圈地幔形成(二辉)橄榄岩。贫硅熔体可能是:①来自软流圈的玄武质熔体(Xu,2001;Xuetal.,2008b;Zhengetal.,2007;路凤香等,2006;徐义刚,1999,2006;郑建平等,2006,2007);②受到富硅熔体交代的岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融产生的玄武质熔体(Gaoetal.,2008;高山etal.,2009)。贫硅熔体产生后,在上升的过程中与岩石圈地幔发生交代反应。一般认为贫硅熔体与岩石圈地幔岩石反应将形成橄榄石和辉石(张宏福,2005,2009),这种认识的依据是低压下贫硅熔体与橄榄岩反应的实验结果(如Shawetal.,2007),缺乏高压下(≥3.0GPa)贫硅熔体与地幔岩石反应的实验支持。

图中空心方形和菱形表示地幔包体产出位置,古生代地幔包体的岩石类型以方辉橄榄岩为主,新生代在东部地块产出的地幔包体岩石类型以二辉橄榄岩为主,新生代在西部地块产出的地幔包体岩石类型以方辉橄榄岩为主。这些地幔包体是研究华北克拉通岩石圈地幔类型转变的关键样品。

3. 硅酸盐熔体与地幔岩石(矿物)反应的实验研究现状

硅酸盐熔体与地幔岩石(矿物)反应的实验研究最早可以追溯到Sekineetal(1982)的研究,他们的实验目的是为了研究岛弧地区高Mg#安山岩的成因。自那之后,大量的学者(如表1所示)经过30多年的努力,在硅酸盐熔体交代地幔岩石(矿物)的实验研究方面取得了一系列的成果,总结起来可以归类为以下两个方面:

(1)富硅熔体(SiO2>52wt%的安山质熔体、花岗质熔体)与二辉橄榄岩的反应,反应的产物主要为斜方辉石(Opx,下同),在压力较高时有石榴子石(Grt,下同)生成,个别情况下(低温或者富钙)可以形成单斜辉石,即L+富硅熔体→Opx±Grt±Cpx(单斜辉石,下同);

(2)贫硅熔体(主要是SiO2≤52wt%的玄武质熔体)与二辉橄榄岩反应,在压力较低的情况下(≤2.0GPa)反应产物的矿物组合是Opx±Ol(橄榄石,下同)±Cpx,即L+贫硅熔体→Opx±Ol±Cpx。另外,在时间较短(≤24h)的实验中,贫硅熔体与地幔岩石的反应更多地表现出了溶解行为,即贫硅熔体溶解橄榄岩中的辉石,残留下橄榄石(纯橄岩带)或者橄榄石+斜方辉石(方辉橄榄岩带)。

表中代号的含义是:Ol-橄榄石、Opx-斜方辉石、Cpx-单斜辉石、Grt-石榴子石,Phl-金云母,Cc-方解石,L-熔体

4. 结论与展望

硅酸盐熔体与地幔岩石反应的实验研究才刚刚开始,已经得到的正确结论主要有:

(1)富硅熔体交代地幔主要形成斜方辉石。

(2)贫硅熔体低压下交代地幔可以形成橄榄石。

但是关于高压下的硅酸盐熔体——岩石反应的研究还比较少,特别是关于微量元素的研究更是缺乏。这进一步限制了我们认识华北克拉通破坏这一重要地质过程。因此在今后的工作中,需要进一步加强硅酸盐熔体——地幔岩石反应的实验研究。

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